28/25 (2) History and Evolution of Instructional Design in Educational Activities

1. Introduction to Instructional Design

• Instructional design focuses on how learning materials are created and delivered effectively.
• It has evolved significantly over the years, influenced by technological and educational advancements.

2. Early Developments in Instructional Media

• 19th Century: Chalkboards were revolutionary in public schools, allowing teachers to reach larger audiences.
• Early 20th Century: The gramophone was introduced as an educational tool in schools and workplaces.
• Modern Classrooms: The traditional classroom setup (students in rows) evolved including multimedia classrooms.

3. World War II and the Birth of Modern Instructional Design

• During WWII, instructional methods were tested on military personnel to improve training efficiency.
• The post-war era required a skilled workforce, leading to the expansion of training programs for both men and women.
• Psychology played a crucial role in improving instructional methods.

4. Systematic Approach to Instructional Design

• Scholars like Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Kenneth Boulding introduced systems theory.
• Instructional design was viewed as a complex system with interconnected parts working towards a common goal.
• Learning became more structured, fluid, and adaptable to different environments.

5. Mid-20th Century Developments (1950s–1960s)

• Cognitive Psychology Impact:
  • B.F. Skinner introduced programmed instruction, emphasizing self-paced learning.
  • Students could progress in small steps with immediate feedback.
  • Learning became more individualized rather than one-size-fits-all.
• Defining Educational Objectives:
  • Ralph Tyler (1930s): Emphasized defining objectives based on student behavior.
  • Benjamin Bloom: Developed the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor domains).
  • Robert Mager: Focused on preparing clear objectives for effective instruction.

6. Evolution of Assessment in Instructional Design

• Robert Glaser (1960s): Introduced criterion-referenced testing to measure personal progress rather than comparing students.
• Robert Gagné: Identified five domains of learning (Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Psychomotor Skills, Attitudes, and Cognitive Strategies).
• Gagné also introduced nine instructional events to guide effective teaching methods.

7. The Impact of Sputnik (1957) on Education

• The launch of Sputnik led to a focus on science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education.
• Michael Scriven emphasized testing instructional materials before full implementation.
• Formative and Summative Evaluations became essential for measuring learning progress.

8. Instructional Design Models in the 1970s

• Gagné and Briggs Model: Expanded on instructional design theories.
• ADDIE Model: A systematic approach of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.
• Dick and Carey Model: Integrated various instructional methods for effective learning.

9. Expansion Beyond Education

• Instructional design principles spread to sectors beyond education, including workplaces and government agencies.
• Different countries and cultures adapted instructional design to suit their unique educational needs.
• The field continues to evolve, incorporating new technologies and research findings.